INDEX
Numbers and Sets
Complex Numbers
Exponentiation
Algebraic Transformations
Algebraic Equations and Inequalities
Functions
Basic Formulas
Graphics of Basic Functions
Discrete Algebra
Ship 2

Binomial Theorem

Sigma-Notations

Arithmetic Progressions

Geometric Progressions

Binomial Theorem

Pascal's Triangle

Evaluation of Sums of the Form
1k + 2k + ... + nk

1 + 2 + ... + n

1² + 2² + ... + n²

1³ + 2³ + ... + n³

Mathematical Induction Principle

Basic Conceptions

Constituents of the Induction Principle

Model Examples
  Example 1
  Example 2
  Example 3
  Example 4
  Example 5
  Example 6


Pascal's Triangle
Key Topics Remaining:   Basic Conceptions of the Mathematical Induction Principle » Constituents of the Induction Principle » Model Examples

The Binomial Theorem gives a simple way of expanding expressions of the form (a + b)n:

.

We need only to calculate the binomial coefficients  Cnk  with k = 0, 1, … n.
Note that  Cnk  are symmetric with respect to the middle value of  k, that is,

Cn0 = 1    and    Cnn = 1,
Cn1 = n    and    Cnn–1 = n,
etc.

Moreover, the binomial coefficients satisfy the following recursion relationships:

.

It means that a binomial coefficient with subscript  n + 1  and superscript  0 < k < n  is the sum of the corresponding coefficients whose subscripts have preceding value  n .
The arranged triangular array of binomial coefficients (as it is shown below) is called the Pascal's triangle. The structure of the triangle is evident from the figure.

n
Cnk
k
0             1             0
1           1   1           0, 1
2         1   2   1         0, 1, 2
3       1   3   3   1       0, 1, 2, 3
4     1   4   6   4   1     0, 1, 2, 3, 4
5   1   5   10   10   5   1   0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
                       

Comment 1. All boundary coefficients are equal to unity.
Comment 2. The sum of any two neighbouring numbers on a triangle row gives the number between them on the next row. (Click on the highlighting phrase to see illustrations.)


Examples
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