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Today the cognitive approach turns out the key to solving the issues of research, which previously without any appeal to the cognitive processes’ analysis were inconclusive. Currently, research in cognitive activities are particularly relevant around the world (Garah J.V. et al., 2014, Russia; Meng X. et al., 2012, China; Rodrigues V.V. et al., 2014, Brazil; Caldwell J.N. et al., 2012, Australia; Ahles T.A. et al., 2014, US; Plessen K.J. et al., 2014, Germany, Norway; Soma S., Shimada H. et al., 2014, Japan). A special place is occupied by the researches connected with studying of cognitive activity in extreme conditions. Extreme conditions are characterised by the changed afferentation, information structure, social and psychological restrictions and risk factor existence. The person is influenced by seven major psychogenic factors: the monotonian period, the changed spatial and temporary structures, restrictions of personal and significant information, loneliness, group isolation (information exhaustion of partners in communication, constant publicity, etc.) and threat for life. As one of options in Australia and in China consider the impact of elevated temperatures on cognitive activity (Caldwell J.N., etc., 2012; Sun G., etc., 2013), in the USA – the change of cognitive processes in cancer, chemotherapy and smoking (Ahles T.A., etc., 2014). Set of researches are directed on studying the cognitive functions in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, a senile dementia, craniocereberal injuries and so on. It was found out that insulin-induced hypoglycaemia at diabetes also affects cognitive activity (Rodrigues Vilela V., etc., 2014). These data allow to draw a conclusion that physiological providing in cognitive activity plays the important role. Also based on these facts it is possible to make the assumption that operating key links of physiological parametres, it is possible to facilitate performance of cognitive tasks in various conditions, including extreme. As a result of implementation of the project absolutely new data on interrelation of cognitive functions and cerebral hemodynamics will be obtained at the solution of cognitive and impellent tasks in extreme conditions. The most prominent feature of modern society is the use of complex automated systems for solution of a wide range of tasks in the professional sphere, training, for the household purposes and in communication. New means of activity are also open the new possibilities, making thus more rigid demands to the person using them. Human space exploration, introduction the automated modes of production, distribution the remote forms of interaction between people — are all the examples of situations in which cognitive resources traditionally used by the person are insufficient. Not only new kinds of the person activities, but also what were considered traditional, for this reason start to be characterised as extreme. The problem of complication of cognitive tasks and change of degree of extremeness of the environment in which it is necessary to solve these problems, is most relevant for professional activity. Extreme conditions can include psychological factors (high risk, high responsibility, high rate of situation changing, a cognitive deprivation), physical (atmospheric pressure, overloads), physiological (the compelled pose, mobility restriction, a sensory deprivation). Thus the person should keep ability to carry out professional functions. Violation of this ability can lead to material damage, danger to human life and health. All stated causes an urgency and the practical importance of researches of the psychological and physiological mechanisms providing preservation of cognitive functions in extreme conditions. One of the important physiological mechanisms that maintain brain health is its blood supply. Under physiological conditions, brain requires a great amount of oxygen and glucose. In turn, acquisition of these components is possible only from blood (for 1 minute through the brain occurs approximately 1 litre). The cerebral blood-groove is the major limiting factor of operability level of the brain. A continuous intake of oxygen and glucose is necessary for preservation the power substratum of a brain, normal functioning of neurons, maintenance of their integrative function. In extreme conditions increases the brain demand of oxygen and energy resources, but also increases the competition, because of sharply increasing oxygen consumption in other tissues, primarily – skeletal muscle. All this is happening because of the stress that is accompanied by the release of various biologically active factors – hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and others. Within this project it is supposed to study interrelation of cognitive functions and cerebral hemodynamics at the solution of cognitive and impellent tasks in extreme conditions, to investigate reaction of system of cerebral hemodynamics and to define the leading molecular and biological factors providing adaptable reorganizations of macro- and microcirculation. The project is directed to research cognitive determinants of people physiological activity which are carried out in extreme conditions, including, the space flight conditions. The project central link is the cerebral hemodynamics, as one of the most significant brain ensuring activity mechanisms, which are jeopardized by the disorders connected with adverse environmental factors, high physical and cognitive activity. This subject is one the step to disclose the brain activity fundamental bases. Studying of the interrelation between cognitive functions, cerebral hemodynamics molecular and cellular mechanisms will allow to correlate the received results with the pathogenetic mechanisms of brain age-dependent diseases. The detection of cognitive function features in extreme conditions will allow to define perspective ways of psychophysiological and pharmacological support for people, whose professional activity is connected with cognitive task solution in limiting conditions for the organism.
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