| Today almost all developed countries think about carrying out of a joint green politics. The green politics in USA is directed on consolidation of the leadership in this sphere and support the most advantage variant of struggle with global warming of a climate.
Aggravation of environmental problems and withdrawal from national frameworks has set a global problem of working out and realization of the ecological policy uniting interests of the state, business and the enterprises, to mankind. Because of it, there was considerable decreasing of the environmental pollution in the USA for last decade – decrease of harmful emissions in atmosphere.
Ecology becomes the factor of intensification of economics development in contemporary society by rightbuilt collaboration of government and business. So, starting from 80th of XX century developed countries, particularly USA, demonstrate success in energy conservation, denying the fact about direct communication between economics increase and rising of energy consumption. Energy intensity of unity of GDP is reduced approximately on 30% in the USA over last 20 years.
Problems in sphere of ecology were taken rather passive by public opinion and it took local character until starting of 60th of last century.
Since 70th there was new stage in green politics. Government took upon oneself role of defender of public interests in sphere of ecology.
Exceptional capital intensity of ecological actions predetermined priority role of Federal government.
There are some branches are base of activity of specific states. For example, Department of fish and fowl plays an important part in activity of Alaska.
Social organizations are also play major role in ecological management of states. It unites members of all levels of the population and occupations. Government makes conditions for involvement of Social organizations to running, because they know more about situation. Participation of states in countrywide system of control ensures success of green politics, because states, like entity of union in Federal system, have relative freedom in low activity.
Environmental policy led to marked changes in industrial structure of manufacture. Step-by-step the most impure enterprises closed or moved into developing countries, where conservation requests are lower.
Today self-sufficiency of mineral recourses in the USA reached 80% as compared with 50% on an average for West European countries and 10% for Japan, part of global gas production in the USA reduced in 1,5 times, aluminum – in 2 times, zinc – more than 3 times. In the issue part of net import of rare and rare-earth metal raised.
There was special government commission, which has established for estimation of real threat of the USA interests. This commission recommended orienting manufacture companies on resource-saving and energy conservation for presidential administration. First nature-conservative priorities were put higher than interests of a few branches.
The ecological consciousness gradually began to take root into mentality not only the population, but also politicians, representatives of business circles. Contemporary public opinion of the USA perceives expenses on nature protection actions as law. For the businessman to be "ecologically legislative" it becomes favorable and rather prestigious.
Resource-saving is reached basically by introduction low-wasted technologies. Besides, important source of preservation of resources is a secondary using of metals. [3]
The basic and, perhaps, the most long-term and in any sense the innovative program of preservation of the environment became the Program 20/50: the climate and power safety – this is a new system in which the power, economic and ecological policy do not contradict each other. Turn to a problem of global warming should change the international image of the USA, which was ignored by President Bush.
According to present plans of the president, 10 % of the electric power in the USA by 2012 should be obtained from renewed sources. By 2025 their volume should grow to 25 %. By 2050 emission of hotbed gases should be reduced to 80 %.
Obama plan includes full transition to electro cars, and hybrid cars. Now they completely will reconstruct cars industry. The administration of Barrack Obama has declared the decision to invest 2,4 billion dollars in working out and manufacture of alternative cars, 535 million dollars in the firms specializing on working out and manufacture of devices, transforming a solar energy in electric, and 211 million dollars in air clearing. Obama has declared that by 2015, he wishes to see on roads not less than one million such cars, and to each American who will buy this electric miracle, will get the tax deduction.
Variation of prices between the petrol engine and hybrid (5800-6200 dollars) will return to the consumer and partially to producer. Also according to plan 400 million dollars have to be allocated from the state budget for purchase of «alternative buses and lorries». [2]
As to air clearing, 206 million dollars from 211 will be allocated for realization project of the "pure" diesel engine that considerably will reduce emissions of harmful substances in atmosphere. Remained 5 million will be spent for preparation of experts in restoration of suitability and to search of application for some of neglected territories of industrial building (brown field). Thus it is stimulated both manufacture, and consumption of new technologies.
Also twice for 10 years (every year on 10 %) budgetary assignments for fundamental science will be increased. It is planned to give tax privileges for installation on the house solar batteries and to encourage parents, whose children drive to school by bicycle, instead of by the car etc. [1]
Certainly green politics in the USA is not perfect, especially, if remember disaster in Gulf of Mexico. But some positive moments we can adopt for our country: to develop pure technologies and impose quotas for branches, which use open-loop product cycle, that pollute environment. Also we should more invest in R&D in sphere of innovative technology.
Reference:
1. Зелёные инвестиции - Электрон. дан. – Режим доступа: http://investgreen.ru/obama-investiruetpochti- 3-milliarda-dollarov-a-razvitie-zelyonyx-texnologij/#more-30, свободный
2. Программа мистера Х: Программа 20/50: климат и энергетическая безопасность [Электронный ресурс] Частный корреспондент - Электрон. дан. – Режим доступа: http://www.chaskor.ru/article/programma_mistera_h_2688, свободный
3. А.Лютов Государственная политика США по ООС //США. Канада: Экономика, Политика, Культура. - 2008. - № 2. |
